Philippa Irvine

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Welcoming young men who have undergone initiation outside the kraal or ubuhlanti. This ceremony, ulwaluko, underscores the need for all Eastern Cape homes to have space for a kraal. Per-Anders Pettersson/Getty Images

No space for culture: ‘matchbox housing’ leaves residents unable to honour customs in a South African town

Sinenhlanhla Memela, Rhodes University; Philippa Irvine, Rhodes University, and Zandile Dlongolo, Rhodes University

In South Africa’s Makanaskop, the kraal is a sacred space for rituals but small plots with outside toilets undermine this cultural use.

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