Children struggle with shame and alienation when they are forced to repeat a grade in school. Maskot via Getty Images

Why holding kids back fails − and what to do about it

The practice of holding kids back a grade is becoming a more popular solution to address low achievement scores. But research suggests it often does more harm than good for students.
For many teachers, grading is an individualized effort – not one consistent with other teachers. andresr/E+ via Getty Images

Every teacher grades differently, which isn’t fair

A scholar of grading explains how teachers can do a better job of reporting what grades represent, and what they are for.

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