Because iron could be used in tools, it was a technical and social revolution, especially for agriculture.
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From Archimedes’ principle to mass spectrometry, there are plenty of ways to test the purity of gold.
Custom fabrication involves taking measurements, choosing tools, deciding on sequences of steps and ordering from a menu of materials. AIs under development promise to take humans out of the loop.
Serbia was pumping out lead pollution while Britain was still in the stone age.
A few centuries ago, there were just a few widely used materials: wood, brick, iron, copper, gold and silver. Today’s material diversity is astounding. A chip in your smartphone, for instance, contains…
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Research Fellow, University of Southampton
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Director of the Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale University
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Associate professor in Physical Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle
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Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, UCL
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Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University
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Professor emeritus, University of Technology Sydney
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Maître d'enseignement et de recherche en archéologie et anthropologie, Université de Genève
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Maître de conférence en archéologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar
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Chercheure en métallurgie et en archéologie, University of Cambridge