Articles on Federalists

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Without the series of essays known as The Federalist, the U.S. Constitution might never have been ratified. wingedwolf, iStock/Getty Images Plus

As America approaches its 250th anniversary, The Federalist remains an indispensable guide to understanding the constitutional system and the nation’s enduring independence

You know how important the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were to making the United States. But do you know about The Federalist and the crucial role it played in the founding era?
President George Washington, left, and his Cabinet: Henry Knox, secretary of war; Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the Treasury; Thomas Jefferson, secretary of state; and Edmund Randolph, attorney general. Currier and Ives/Bettmann - Getty Images

When presidents would send handwritten lists of their nominees to the Senate, things were a lot different

The US now faces the likelihood of a bruising and raucous set of confirmation hearings − a clear break from the cooperative system the founders established.
Secretary of State Marco Rubio, right, meets with El Salvadorian President Nayib Bukele in El Congo, El Salvador, on Feb. 3, 2025. Mark Schiefelbein/Pool AP/AFP via Getty Images

Trump wants to use the Alien Enemies Act to deport immigrants – but the 18th‑century law has been invoked only during times of war

The Alien Enemies Act, first approved in the late 1700s, was last used during World War II to identify particular foreign nationals living in the US.
The term ‘lame duck’ has been around for hundreds of years, often referring to a person whose ability to exercise authority is limited for some reason. Planet Flem/DigitalVision Vectors via Getty Images

The election is over − but what is a ‘lame duck’ anyway?

The lame-duck period in the US is longer than in other Western democracies, which tend to make the transition over a period of just days.
Despite voter dissatisfaction with the Republican and Democratic parties, they are likely to persist. Shutterstock/Victor Moussa

The two‑party system is here to stay

Despite the fact that only 38% of Americans say they think the Democratic and Republican parties are doing ‘an adequate job,’ they’re unlikely to disappear.

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