Conflict between the two nations – often via proxies like Israel – has taken many forms since the 1980s.
Articles on Civilian deaths in war
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The mistaken killing of three Israeli hostages by the Israeli Defense Forces at the weekend has substantially increased pressure on Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to accept a ceasefire.
The Taliban and the Islamic State group are among the militant groups that have been known to use civilians as human shields in the past, in order to try to shift their opponents’ war calculations.
There are unconfirmed reports that Russia has used chemical weapons in Ukraine. Syria’s recent chemical weapons use offers context for understanding this tactic. Chemical weapons terrify civilians.
There are a few warning signs that genocide is happening. In the Russian war on Ukraine, all of those are present.
The technical and political issues at play in launching air attacks that may harm civilians.
An official inquiry is underway to examine if New Zealand troops committed war crimes in Afghanistan during an event known as Operation Burnham, when six civilians were killed.
The Ministry of Defence says the RAF killed or injured 4,315 enemy fighters in Iraq and Syria over a period with only one civilian casualty. Why do other organisations have very different numbers?
Jirga has a clear message to the Taliban, Westerners, and other Afghans - even in the horror of warfare you can’t escape moral accountability.
Top contributors
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Professor of Applied Ethics and Director, Security and Risk Research, University of Portsmouth
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Professor of Law, University of Waikato
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Distinguished Professor of Anthropology; Director, Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights, Rutgers University - Newark
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Professor of Strategic Studies at the Marine Corps University School of Advanced Warfighting; Scholar-in-Residence, American University School of International Service
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Research Scholar, Middle East Studies, Australian National University
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Professor and Program Chair Nonproliferation and Terrorism Studies, Middlebury College
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Lecturer in literary studies, National Institute of Dramatic Art
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IE School of Humanities, IE University; California State University San Marcos