Refat Shakirzhanov

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An Instacart worker loads groceries into her car for home delivery. There is a strong argument to be made that gig work is false self-employment, meaning that workers are not actually freelance. (AP Photo/Ben Margot)

Gig workers aren’t self‑employed – they’re modern‑day feudal serfs

Geraint Harvey, Western University; Naveena Prakasam, University of Southampton, and Refat Shakirzhanov, Swansea University

Feudalism has been replaced by capitalism, and the new villeiny — or neo-villeiny — has emerged to reflect a relationship between a worker and an organization.

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