Raymond A. Patterson

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Advanced tracking and AI tools are allowing companies to charge different people different prices for the same produce or service. A customer browses a grocery store aisle in Toronto in February 2024. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Cole Burston

Price discrimination is getting smarter — and low‑income consumers are paying the price

Raymond A. Patterson, University of Calgary; Emily Laidlaw, University of Calgary, and Jian Zhang, University of Calgary

When artificial intelligence knows consumers can’t afford to walk away, price increases and quality decreases.
Digital supply chain disruptions are particularly problematic because they can have immediate global effects and can’t rely on inventory as a buffer. (Shutterstock)

How businesses and consumers can protect themselves against digital supply chain disruptions

Raymond A. Patterson, University of Calgary; Erik Rolland, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Hooman Hidaji, University of Calgary, and Lisa Yeo, University of California, Merced

The resilience of digital supply chains are given little attention, despite its critical role in the global economy.
Within the first three seconds of opening a web page, over 80 third parties on average have accessed your information. (Shutterstock)

Websites deceive users by deliberately hiding the extent of data collection and sharing

Raymond A. Patterson, University of Calgary; Ashkan Eshghi, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick; Hooman Hidaji, University of Calgary, and Ram Gopal, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick

Existing regulations do not go far enough in protecting people’s information from being collected and shared when they visit websites.
Almost every website — both for-profit and not-for-profit — commodifies user data. (Shutterstock)

To protect user privacy online, governments need to reconsider their use of opt‑in policies

Raymond A. Patterson, University of Calgary; Hooman Hidaji, University of Calgary; Niam Yaraghi, University of Miami; Ram Gopal, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, and Sule Nur Kutlu, University of Calgary

New research shows that opt-in policies may not be as effective as intended when it comes to data protection and privacy regulations.

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