Nicole Lee Schroeder

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Drawing shows men making shoes at the Philadelphia Almshouse, circa 1899. Alice Barber Stephens/Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Alfred Bendiner Memorial Collection

Philadelphia’s 200‑year‑old disability records show welfare reform movement’s early shift toward rationing care and punishing poor people

Nicole Lee Schroeder, Kean University

Amid rising unemployment, inflation and poverty in the 1830s, Philadelphia taxpayers believed welfare scammers were bleeding coffers dry. Poor lists from 1829 show they were wrong.

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