Open access allows users to download, copy, print and distribute works, without the need to ask for permission or to pay. Meredith Kahn/Flickr

Your Questions Answered on open access

To the mark the eighth annual Open Access Week, we asked our readers what they wanted to know about the initiative. Here are their questions with answers from our experts.
Pasteurisation been instrumental in reducing morbidity and mortality from the consumption of bacteria-ridden food and drink. Doug Wheller/Flickr

Got milk? How Pasteur made mass food production possible

The death of a three-year-old child caused by drinking unpasteurised milk late last year invited much commentary about food safety and regulation. But little has been said about the man who gave his name…
A French deserter or spy faces the firing squad in this photograph from 1914/15. Wikimedia Commons

Shell shock treatments reveal the conflict in psychiatry’s heart

One of the most iconic images of the first world war, the outbreak of which is being commemorated all over the world, is the deserter – heartlessly tried for cowardice, blindfolded and bound to a post…
While doctors still use their senses for diagnoses, they have technologies to back them up. Alex Proimos/Flickr

From the sweet taste of urine to MRI: how doctors lost their senses

“Diabetic urine”, the surgeon Herbert Mayo wrote in 1832, “is almost always of a pale straw or greenish colour. Its smell is commonly faint and peculiar, sometimes resembling sweet whey or milk.” The use…
Phrenologists believed the shape of the brain offered a clear-cut explanation for behaviour. Hey Paul Studios/Flickr

Natural born killers: brain shape, behaviour and the history of phrenology

Long before neuroscience, phrenology claimed to have the power to determine who was afflicted with badness and who was suffering from madness. In the second-last article in our series Biology and Blame…
The Secrets of the Hand premieres on SBS at 8:30pm Sunday April 13. SBS

The future in your palm: science and The Secrets of the Hand

For thousands of years, people believed their future could be read in the lines etched into the palm of their hands. The ancient art of palmistry, originating in India, claimed a close examination of the…
The demand for open access resulted in an explosion of refereed journals, free to anyone that wanted to view them. h_pampel/Flickr

Hoax highlights the pitfalls and perils of open access publishing

Open access has become the catch-cry of academic science, demanding all research be freely available to anyone. But it leaves open the question of how publishers are to make money. Traditionally, libraries…
Essendon coach James Hird outside his home on August 14, 2013 after the AFL charged him and four other club officials for bringing the game into disrepute over the alleged banned supplements scandal. Julian Smith/AAP

Human experimentation and ethics at Essendon Football Club

The news that the AFL has charged James Hird, and other members of the Essendon Football Club’s management staff (including the club doctor, Bruce Reid) with bringing the sport into disrepute should surprise…
Most us know that calling someone an ape is racist, but few of us understand why. The Hornet magazine, 1871

The ape insult: a short history of a racist idea

European scientists used evolution to justify their view of Europeans as genetically superior - especially with the erroneous view that Africans were somehow an intermediate step between apes and Europeans.
Ben Goldacre spreading the news at the Free University of Glastonbury, June 2011. Neil Melville-Kenney

Peer review: Bad Pharma by Ben Goldacre

The British Medical Journal (BMJ) published a poll in late-October 2012 asking, “Who is mainly at fault for denying access to negative clinical trial results?” Respondents were able to choose from a list…
The centuries-long practice of blood letting was finally proven to be ineffective, thanks to clinical trials in the 19th century. The Medieval Cookbook/Wikimedia Commons

From ‘trust us, we’re doctors’ to the rise of evidence‑based medicine

MEDICAL HISTORIES - The final instalment in our short series discusses the evolution of evidence-based medicine. Like bleeding, doctors’ intuition was a central part of medical practice until it was categorically…

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