• Distinguished University Professor, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University
A mural in Rome depicts a white dove parachuting vials of COVID-19 vaccine. Several COVID-19 vaccines are based on a viral vector developed by Canadian Frank Graham decades ago. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia)

How the puzzle of viral vector vaccines was solved, leading to today’s COVID‑19 shots

Viral vectors are modified viruses that trigger an immune response without causing infection. The vector that’s used in several COVID-19 vaccines was created decades ago by Canadian Frank Graham.

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