Howard Barrell

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  • Senior Lecturer at the School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University
Former members of the ANC’s armed wing perform the toyi-toyi dance in support of then ailing former President Nelson Mandela. Reuters/Thomas Mukoya

South Africa’s armed struggle: where the ANC’s ineptitude was a virtue

Howard Barrell, Cardiff University

Armed struggle played a subsidiary role in the ANC’s fight against apartheid in South Africa. The tactics that were most decisive in securing freedom were those that didn’t involve organised violence.

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