Incumbent president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan faces opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu in a second-round vote that will decide the future trajectory of Turkey’s politics.
- Assistant Professor of Terrorism & Political Violence, Leiden University
Invading, attacking and killing adversaries abroad can boost the political prospects of leaders doing poorly at home.
Putin’s rationale for invading Ukraine wasn’t built over just a few months in 2021. Putin and high-level Russia government staff have been trash-talking Ukraine for more than a decade.
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