Clifford C. Campbell

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In this rare photograph taken in 2000, prisoners at the Ferguson Unit in Texas are seen working in the prison’s cotton fields. Photo by Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis via Getty Images

The 13th Amendment’s fatal flaw created modern‑day convict slavery

Kwasi Konadu, Colgate University and Clifford C. Campbell, Dartmouth College

The 13th Amendment is given credit for freeing an estimated 4 million enslaved people during the Civil War era. It also enabled a prison system of free labor and involuntary servitude.

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