Proteins were taken from the enamel of this Paranthropus robustus’ tooth. Courtesy Dr. Bernhard Zipfel, with permission from Dr. Lazarus Kgasi, junior curator of Plio-Pleistocene Paleontology at Ditsong National Museum of Natural History in Pretoria, South Africa.

New clues from 2 million‑year‑old tooth enamel tell us more about an ancient relative of humans

Researchers have extracted 2-million-year-old protein remains from Paranthropus robustus teeth to reveal biological sex and genetic variability.

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