Russia has tied its currency to gold to evade sanctions. Shifting the ruble away from a pegged value and into the gold standard itself is aimed at making it a credible gold substitute at a fixed rate.
Articles on Ukraine
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While Ukraine’s fortunes on the battlefield have been mixed, its operations in Crimea and the Black Sea have been rather more successful.
The Russia-Ukraine war highlights developments in modern warfare, which uses new weaponry alongside traditional methods of fighting.
A centralised system of government has allowed Putin to project power, but the country’s health care, schools, infrastructure and general quality of life have sharply deteriorated.
While Putin is all but guaranteed to win, war fatigue, electoral engineering and extreme risk-aversion suggest that the Kremlin is anxious to get these elections over and done with.
Ukrainians are safeguarding their language and cultural identity in the face of Russian attempts to erase it.
Russia’s armed forces continue to gain territory in Ukraine, at high cost to both sides.
Recent laws and pro-Putin sentiment by Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov have sparked concern that the Central Asian country is backsliding on democracy.
Ukraine can borrow lessons from the First World War as the war with Russia enters its third year.
A world where the US has fewer allies would be an even more dangerous place.
Helping Ukraine defend itself against Russian aggression is not a violation of international law – but Russia might interpret it as escalation.
The US has imposed another round of sanctions following the death of Russian dissident Alexei Navalny. But will it work?
Polish public support for resettling Ukrainian refugees has slipped in recent months, while many new arrivals have had difficulty finding work that aligns with their qualifications.
Russia appears to have seized the battleground initiative as the Ukraine war marks its second anniversary – but the conflict is far from over.
The Russian president still insists that Ukraine has been taken over by hostile pro-western elites over the past decade.
In addition to destroyed buildings, there’s an entire underground world – filled with untold numbers of artifacts, bones and ruins – that are exposed and damaged by the digging of trenches.
Satellite photography of the Ukrainian city of Bakhmut shows block after block of destroyed buildings. Satellite radar provides a different view – a systematic look at the destruction of the whole city.
Western military support for Ukraine is more important than ever.
The erasure of Ukrainian nationhood in occupied territories and frequent denial of Ukraine’s right to exist is evidence the Russian invasion has been genocidal in nature.
Ukraine has fought off relentless waves of Russian attacks over the past two years, but if its Western support dries up, its resistance will be very hard to sustain.
Top contributors
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Professor of International Security, University of Birmingham
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Professor of International Security, Jean Monnet Professor of European Security, National University Odesa Law Academy
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Associate Professor (Adj), Griffith Asia Institute; and Fellow, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University
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Professor of Military History, University of Calgary
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Associate Professor and Edward and Emily McWhinney Professor in International Relations, Simon Fraser University
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Associate Professor, School of Geography, University of Nottingham
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Professorial Fellow, University of Canberra
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Professor of War and Technology, University of Bath
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Senior Lecturer in Military Strategy and Law, University of Portsmouth
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Associate Teaching Professor of Political Science, Penn State
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Senior Lecturer in International Politics, Aberystwyth University
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Professor of History and Political Science, University of Michigan
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Professor of Law, University of Waikato
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Professor of Government, Wesleyan University
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Professor of International Relations and Security, University of Bradford