In 1994 Russia and Kyivs western allies signed the Budapest Memorandum guaranteeing Ukraine’s sovereignty. It wasn’t worth the paper it was written on.
Articles on Budapest Memorandum
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Abandoning Ukraine means bracing for global nuclear proliferation.
Russia is raising the stakes with upgraded ballistic missiles and blood-curdling threats from the Kremlin
Russia agreed in 1994 to respect Ukraine’s sovereignty and national borders in return for Kyiv agreeing to give up its nuclear arsenal.
As war begins between Ukraine and Russia, a range of stories provides context to help readers understand the conflict.
As Russia threatens to invade Ukraine, Ukrainians wonder about the worth of a 1994 agreement signed by Russia, the US and the UK, who promised to protect the newly independent state’s sovereignty.
Top contributors
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Founding Dean and Professor of International Studies, Hamilton Lugar School, Indiana University
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Research Associate, Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard Kennedy School
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Professor of Practice of Computing Security, Rochester Institute of Technology
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Assistant Professor of Practice of Intelligence & Information Operations, University of Arizona
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Associate Director, Center for Expanding Viewpoints in Higher Education, Tufts University
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Founding Director, Modern War Institute, United States Military Academy West Point
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Interdisciplinary Research Associate, School of Geography, Politics and Sociolog, Newcastle University
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Senior Lecturer in International Politics, Aberystwyth University
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Senior Lecturer in Economics, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University
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Professor, City St George's, University of London