Articles on America 250

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Legionnaires wait to testify before a special congressional inquiry in November 1976 into the cause of the mysterious disease. Bettmann/Bettman Collection via Getty Images

Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in Philadelphia in 1976 was mysterious and deadly – 50 years later, scientists know the cause but outbreaks continue

The source was a newly discovered bacterium called Legionella pneumophila that can thrive in household pipes, whirlpools, cooling units and outdoor fountains.
“Pepper-Pot: A Scene in the Philadelphia Market,” by painter John Lewis Krimmel, 1811. Philadelphia Art Museum: 125th Anniversary Acquisition. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Edward B. Leisenring, Jr., 2001-196-1

Pepper pot stew was survival food for the poor and a path to freedom for Black women in early Philadelphia

Dina escaped from slavery and sold pepper pot stew on the streets of Philadelphia, while her enslaver tried to recapture her.
Without the series of essays known as The Federalist, the U.S. Constitution might never have been ratified. wingedwolf, iStock/Getty Images Plus

As America approaches its 250th anniversary, The Federalist remains an indispensable guide to understanding the constitutional system and the nation’s enduring independence

You know how important the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were to making the United States. But do you know about The Federalist and the crucial role it played in the founding era?
Leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have called for a fast on July 5, 2026, to give thanks for religious liberty. AP Photo/Rick Bowmer

For 2 centuries, Latter‑day Saints have revered religious freedom – but their definition is evolving

Latter-day Saints have long valued the US Constitution’s promise of religious freedom – but the church has also tested its boundaries.
Paul Revere made the engraving used in the frontispiece of ‘The New-England Psalm-Singer,’ a tune book William Billings published in 1770. John Carter Brown Library via Wikimedia Commons

America’s musical founding father: ‘Liberty songs’ by a self‑taught singer and tanner helped fuel the Revolution

William Billings has been largely forgotten, except among music historians. But he was the country’s first notable composer, penning protest songs against Great Britain.
The men responsible for producing the Declaration of Independence, known as the Committee of Five, were, left to right: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, John Adams and Robert R. Livingston. Vintage etching circa late 19th century, digital restoration by Pictore via Getty Images

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson disagreed about the American Revolution’s meaning even as they lay dying

The founding generation in America was not of one mind. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson differed on crucial ideas, but exemplify the capacity for people to disagree and yet work for a common cause.
John Hancock, like many American men and women of his generation, transformed the new nation’s charitable activities. Universal History Archive/UIG via Getty images

How America’s independence from England revolutionized US philanthropy

US charitable institutions rapidly changed in the 1780s as Americans established groups to support people in need and to reform society.
A Harper’s Weekly image of the first reading of the Declaration of Independence outside Independence Hall in Philadelphia on July 8, 1776. MPI/Getty Images

A democracy or a republic? History shows that some Americans are asking the wrong question

Is the US a democracy or a republic? That’s a misleading question, writes a historian of early America. The values of republicanism and the values of democracy have both been vital to the nation.
Student artwork on display at the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh on Oct. 27, 2019, marks the one-year anniversary of the attack. AP Photo/Keith Srakocic

America’s founding promise of religious freedom has long coexisted with prejudice, even as many Christians have worked to confront it

While religious minorities have often faced hostility, many Americans have long believed in religious liberty and a more inclusive society, writes a historian of American religion.

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