Chicken or rooster? This bird is both – female on the left (dark feathers), and male on the right (white feathers, with larger comb and physique). Mike Clinton (Roslin Institute)

How birds become male or female, and occasionally both

Birds have some of the most amazing sex differences of any animal. They can control the sex of offspring, and even produce rare half-male, half-females. And their sex genes and chromosomes are quite different from ours.
There are many genes involved in shaping not just our biological sex, but also our gender identity. Limor Zellermayer/Unsplash

How genes and evolution shape gender – and transgender – identity

It’s not about trauma or how you were raised: evidence now points to a biological basis for transgender, and to the action of particular genes in that determination.
It’s just a tiny part of the Y chromosome that kickstarts the development of testes. Kelly Searle/Unsplash

What makes you a man or a woman? Geneticist Jenny Graves explains

There are many cultural and social factors involved in making a baby into a man or a woman. But biologically speaking, sex starts when you’re just a tiny group of cells in your mother’s uterus.
Mungkin ada lebih dari satu “gen gay” yang berkontribusi terhadap selera seksual seseorang. Shutterstock

Apakah ‘gen homoseksual’ itu benar‑benar ada?

Bagi seorang ahli genetika evolusi, gagasan bahwa susunan genetika seseorang mempengaruhi preferensi pasangannya tidaklah mengejutkan.
There’s a difference in the sex chromosomes between various mammals, such as the platypus compared to humans. Flickr/Darren Puttock

Did sex drive mammal evolution? How one species can become two

How new species are created is at the core of the theory of evolution. Mammals may be a good example of how sex chromosome change drove major groups apart.
Many babies are born with a genetic variant that leads to ambiguous sexual development. .gsr./Flickr

Boy, girl or …? Dilemmas when sex development goes awry

Many babies are born with a genetic variant that can result in the child being neither a typical boy or girl. There has been considerable debate about whether the child should be treated.
A mouse embryo, like this one, looks a lot like that of a fish, a frog or a human at a certain point in its development. Macroscopic Solutions/Flickr

Flipping the genetic ‘switch’ that makes many animals look alike as embryos

Scientists have discovered the genetic “switch” that causes many animals, including fish, frogs and humans, to look the same at a certain point in embryonic development.
It’s naive to pretend there are no profound genetic and epigenetic differences between the sexes. Elephant Gun Studios/Flickr

Differences between men and women are more than the sum of their genes

What produces the differences between men and women? Are they trivial or profound? Are they genetic or environmental, or both? And are men really closer genetically to chimpanzees than to women?
The human Y chromosome has retained only 3% of its ancestral genes. So why’s it a shadow of its former self? Rafael Anderson Gonzales Mendoza/Flickr

Sex, genes, the Y chromosome and the future of men

The Y chromosome, that little chain of genes that determines the sex of humans, is not as tough as you might think. In fact, if we look at the Y chromosome over the course of our evolution we’ve seen it…
Rather than there being a single ‘gay gene’, there may be many which contribute to sexual preference. Sasha Kargaltsev/Flickr

Born this way? An evolutionary view of ‘gay genes’

The claim that homosexual men share a “gay gene” created a furore in the 1990s. But new research two decades on supports this claim – and adds another candidate gene. To an evolutionary geneticist, the…

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